Norm

 1. What is a Norm?

The word "norm" comes from the Latin norma, meaning a standard or rule. In ethics, a norm is a guideline that tells us how we ought to act. It is not just about what people usually do; it is about what is right to do.

2. "Ought" vs. "Is"

To understand ethics, you must know the difference between facts (Is) and duties (Ought).

  • The "Is" (Facts): These describe how people actually behave. They are neutral reports of reality.
    • Example: "Many people lie to avoid trouble."
  • The "Ought" (Norms): These prescribe how people should behave. They judge actions.
    • Example: "People ought to tell the truth."

Aspect

"Is" (Descriptive)

"Ought" (Normative)

Focus

Reports facts and observations.

Sets duties and obligations.

Function

Tells us what is happening.

Tells us what should happen.

Example

"Some people cheat."

"One should be honest."

Golden Rule: You cannot prove an "ought" just by looking at an "is." Just because everyone is doing something doesn't make it morally right.

3. Normative Ethics

Normative Ethics is the branch of philosophy that provides the "yardstick" for our behavior. It helps us answer questions like:

  • What is worth pursuing in life?
  • How should we treat others?
  • Is honesty better than success gained by cheating?

4. Teleological Theories (Consequentialism)

One major way to set a moral norm is through Teleology. The word comes from Telos, meaning goal or end.

The Central Idea

An action is morally good if it leads to a "Supreme Good" (the ultimate goal of life). In this view, results matter most.

  • Good Action: Leads to happiness, fulfillment, or well-being.
  • Bad Action: Fails to lead to the goal or causes harm.

Hedonism: A Form of Teleology

Hedonism is a theory where the "Supreme Good" is Pleasure.

  • Intrinsic Good: Pleasure is good for its own sake.
  • Instrumental Good: Things like money or fame are only good because they lead to pleasure.
  • Moral Rule: An action is right if it produces the most pleasure and the least pain.

PPT: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1h7T97353CG-9kqqlsvbxkp3mpuQzvQJ9/view?usp=sharing

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