Deontological Theories

 

1. What is Deontology?

The word comes from the Greek Deon (duty) and Logos (study). It literally means "the study of duty." In this branch of ethics, we don't ask, "What will happen if I do this?" Instead, we ask, "Is this action my duty?"

2. The Central Idea

An action is right or wrong based on whether it follows moral rules.

  • Rules Matter Most: Even if a "bad" action (like lying) produces a "good" result (like making someone feel better), it is still morally wrong.
  • Results Don't Matter: Doing your duty is right, even if it leads to a difficult or sad outcome.

 

4. Where Does the "Moral Law" Come From?

Deontologists agree we must follow the law, but they disagree on where that law starts. Here are the five main sources:

  1. Divine Law: Rules come from God. You obey because God commanded it (e.g., "Do not steal").
  1. Rational Law (Kant): Rules come from Reason. If a rule can't work for everyone, it is wrong. (Example: If everyone lied, trust would vanish).
  2. Natural Law: Rules are built into Human Nature. Actions that protect life and society are right because that is how humans flourish.
  3. Social Rules: Rules are created by Society to keep order (e.g., following traffic laws).
  4. Conscience: The "inner voice" tells you what is right. It is your personal moral compass.

5. Key Features of Deontology

A. Duty-Oriented

You do what is right because it is right, not for a reward, fame, or to avoid punishment. Intention is everything.

B. Rule-Governed

Moral rules apply to everyone equally. There are no exceptions for rich, powerful, or "clever" people.

C. Non-Consequential

The outcome does not change the morality of the act. Telling the truth is right even if it causes a problem.

D. The Three Types of Action

Deontology divides all actions into three categories:

  • Obligatory: You must do it (e.g., keeping a promise).
  • Forbidden: You must never do it (e.g., murder or cheating).
  • Permitted: You may do it, but you don't have to (e.g., giving to charity).

6. Immanuel Kant: The Main Thinker

The most famous deontologist is Immanuel Kant.11 He created the Categorical Imperative.

His rule was simple: "Only do something if you would want it to become a law for everyone." * If you want to cheat, ask yourself: "Would I want a world where everyone cheats?"

  • Since a world of cheaters would fail, cheating is morally wrong.

 Video: https://youtu.be/VK2BIZfo4Zc

PPT: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1zPMQb7Yl9wnFYxp6ah9QZAHEBupWoK-E/view?usp=sharing

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