Sects In Jainism

 Jainism, one of the oldest religions in India, has evolved over time into several sects, each with unique interpretations, practices, and traditions. The two primary sects in Jainism are the Digambara and Śvētāmbara sects, each further divided into various sub-sects. These divisions reflect differences in theological beliefs, rituals, and the interpretation of Jain teachings.

1. Digambara Sect

The term Digambara means "sky-clad," which indicates that the monks of this sect practice nudity as a symbol of renunciation. The Digambara sect emphasizes a path of extreme asceticism and adheres to a strict interpretation of Jain teachings. The practice of nudity among Digambara monks is deeply rooted in their understanding of the Jain principles of non-attachment (Aparigraha) and renunciation.

Reasons for Nudity in Digambara Jainism

1. Complete Renunciation (Mahavrata): Digambara monks believe that true renunciation requires the abandonment of all material possessions, including clothing. This extreme form of renunciation is seen as essential for spiritual liberation (moksha), symbolizing the rejection of attachment, ego, and physical comfort.

2. Detachment from the Body: In Digambara philosophy, the body is considered a temporary vessel for the soul. Monks practice nudity to emphasize the belief that the soul's journey is independent of the body and material possessions. By renouncing clothing, they demonstrate that the body should not be a source of pride or attachment.

3. Imitation of the Tirthankaras: The 24th Tirthankara, Mahavira, is believed to have practiced complete nudity after renouncing the world. Digambara monks strive to follow his example, believing that this path leads to ultimate purity and liberation.

4. Purity and Non-possession: Clothing is seen as a form of possession that can create attachment, hindering spiritual progress. By giving up clothes, Digambara monks aim to live in a state of pure non-possession (Aparigraha), one of the five great vows (Mahavratas) in Jainism.

5. Austerity (Tapas): The practice of nudity is also seen as a form of asceticism central to Digambara Jainism. Enduring the hardships of being unclothed, such as exposure to the elements and societal norms, is believed to purify the soul and advance the path to liberation. This austerity develops inner strength, discipline, and detachment.

Symbolic and Spiritual Significance

• Symbol of Absolute Renunciation: Nudity in Digambara Jainism is not merely about physical appearance but is a profound symbol of total renunciation of worldly life, signifying a monk's commitment to spiritual purification and detachment from the material world.

• Rejection of Social Norms: By going naked, Digambara monks reject societal conventions and norms, reinforcing their commitment to spiritual ideals over worldly concerns.

Key Beliefs and Practices

• Nudity as a Symbol of Renunciation: Digambara monks believe that complete renunciation includes shedding all possessions, including clothing. Nudity represents detachment from the material world.

• Views on Liberation (Moksha): Digambaras believe that only those who have renounced everything, including clothes, can achieve moksha. They also hold that women cannot achieve liberation unless reborn as men.

• Scriptures: The Digambara sect believes that the original Jain scriptures (Agamas) were lost over time and do not accept the current Śvētāmbara texts as authentic. Their teachings are based on secondary texts like the Prakrit commentaries and Shatkhandagama.

• Idol Worship: Digambara idols of the Tirthankaras are always shown in a seated or standing meditative posture, unclothed, symbolizing renunciation. These idols are typically austere and devoid of ornamentation.

• Monastic Life: Digambara monks lead a life of severe austerity, refraining from owning any possessions. They rely on alms, accepting only food given without prior arrangement.

Sub-sects within Digambara

• Bisapanthi and Terapanthi: These sub-sects differ in rituals and worship practices. Bisapanthi adheres to traditional rituals, while Terapanthi is more reformist, emphasizing meditation and inner purity over rituals.

• Taranapanthi: This sub-sect does not worship idols and emphasizes scriptural study and the teachings of their founder, Taran Swami.

2. Śvētāmbara Sect

The term Śvētāmbara means "white-clad," referring to the white clothing worn by the monks and nuns of this sect. The Śvētāmbara sect is generally considered more liberal and less austere than the Digambara sect.

Key Beliefs and Practices

• White Clothing: Unlike the Digambaras, Śvētāmbara monks and nuns wear simple white robes as a symbol of purity and non-attachment.

• Views on Liberation (Moksha): Śvētāmbara Jains believe that both men and women can achieve moksha and that clothing does not hinder spiritual progress.

• Scriptures: The Śvētāmbara sect believes that the original Jain scriptures were preserved and accepts the Agamas as the authentic teachings of Mahavira.

• Idol Worship: Śvētāmbara idols are often clothed and adorned with jewelry. The idols can be in various postures, and the Tirthankaras are depicted with open eyes, indicating their awareness of the world.

• Monastic Life: The monks and nuns practice a more moderate form of asceticism, following the principle of non-possession while still wearing clothes and using basic necessities.

Sub-sects within Śvētāmbara

1. Murtipujaka (Deravasi):

   • Beliefs: This sub-sect practices idol worship in temples and emphasizes elaborate rituals.
   • Devotion: Murtipujakas believe that rituals and temple worship are essential for expressing devotion.
   • Dress Code: They do not follow nudity as a practice; instead, they wear white clothes.

2. Sthanakvasi:

   • Reform Movement: Sthanakvasis emerged as a reformist group against idol worship.
   • Beliefs: They reject idol worship and temple rituals.
   • Focus: Sthanakvasis emphasize meditation and ethical living.

3. Terapanthi:

   • Reformist Group: Founded by Acharya Bhikshu in the 18th century.
   • Emphasis: Terapanthis prioritize simplicity, meditation, and moral discipline.
   • Reject Elaborate Rituals: They avoid elaborate rituals and focus on inner soul purification.

3. Other Important Sub-sects and Traditions

Yāpanīya Sect (Extinct)

The Yāpanīya sect, now extinct, was a small sect that combined elements of both Digambara and Śvētāmbara practices. The monks of this sect practiced nudity like the Digambaras but also allowed some monks to wear white clothing. They accepted the authority of both the Śvētāmbara and Digambara scriptures and believed in the possibility of women's liberation.

Kharatara Gaccha (Śvētāmbara)

The Kharatara Gaccha is a sub-sect within the Śvētāmbara Murtipujaka tradition. Founded in the 11th century by Acharya Jinavallabha Suri, this group emphasizes strict adherence to monastic discipline and has a rich tradition of scriptural study and scholarship.

Tapa Gaccha (Śvētāmbara)

The Tapa Gaccha is another influential sub-sect of the Śvētāmbara Murtipujaka tradition. It was founded by Acharya Jagatchandra Suri in the 13th century and is known for its strict ascetic practices and focus on the study of Jain scriptures.

4. Ritual Practices

Covering the Mouth

The practices of covering the mouth and sweeping the floor as they walk are specific to Jain monks and nuns, particularly those of the Śvētāmbara sect, and are rooted in the principles of non-violence (Ahimsa) and carefulness (Samvara). These practices are essential disciplines for those who have taken vows of renunciation.

1. Ahimsa (Non-violence): The primary reason Jain monks and nuns cover their mouths with a cloth, known as a "muhapatti," is to prevent harm to tiny airborne organisms. Inhaling these microorganisms, even unintentionally, could result in their death, which would violate the principle of non-violence central to Jainism.

2. Mindful Speech: The act of covering the mouth also serves as a reminder to speak mindfully, controlling one’s words to avoid causing harm through harsh or thoughtless speech.

3. Purity and Discipline: The practice reflects a broader discipline of maintaining purity in thoughts, words, and actions. It helps monks and nuns maintain detachment from the material world, focusing instead on their spiritual practices.

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